Magneto resistance in Bismuth

Measurement of Magnetoresistance in Bismuth

It is noticed that the resistance of the sample changes when the magnetic field is turned on. The phenomenon, called magnetoresistance, is due to the fact that the drift velocity of all the carriers is not same. With the magnetic field on; the Hall voltage V = E_yt =|v × H| compensates exactly the Lorentz force for carriers with the average velocity; slower carriers will be over compensated and faster one undercompensated, resulting in trajectories that are not along the applied field. This results in an effective decrease of the mean free path and hence an increase in resistivity.

Here the above referred symbols are defined as: v = drift velocity; E = applied electric field; t = thickness of the crystal; H = Magnetic field

EXPERIMENTENTAL SET-UP FOR MAGNETORESISTANCE

The set-up consists of the following:
        1.Hall Probe: Bismuth
        2.Constant Current Source1
        3.Digital Microvoltmeter
        4.Electromagnet (Specifications as per datasheet attached)
        5.Constant Current Power Supply (Specifications as per datasheet            attached)
        6.Digital Gaussmeter,(Specifications as per datasheet attached)

(1) Four Probe Arrangement

It consists of 4 collinear, equally spaced (2mm), gold plated and individually spring loaded probes mounted on a PCB strip. Two outer probes for supplying the constant current to the sample and two inner probes for measuring the voltage developed across these probes. This eliminates the error due to contact resistance which is particularly serious in semiconductors. A platform is also provided for placing the sample and mounting the Four Probes on it.

(2) Sample

Material : Bismuth
Dimensions: 10x10x1.2mm.

(3) Constant Current Source

It is an IC regulated current generator to provide a constant current to the outer probes irrespective of the changing resistance of the sample due to change in temperatures. The basic scheme is to use the feedback principal to limit the load current of the supply to preset maximum value. Variations in the current are achieved by a potentiometer included for that purpose. The supply is a highly regulated and practically ripples free d.c. source. The constant current source is suitable for the resistivity measurement of this films of metals/alloys and semiconductors like germanium.

Specifications

(4) Digital Microvoltmeter

It is a very versatile multipurpose instrument for the measurement of low dc voltage. It has 5 decade ranges from 1mV to 10V with 100% over-ranging. For better accuracy and convenience, readings are directly obtained on 3½ digit DPM (Digital Panel Meter).

Specifications

The details of other sub-units can be had from their respective datasheets